Alert SA-AGAM-03 (Rdl)#
This alert reports selection signals on Chromosome 2RL within the region 86,890,285-87,194,711 bp.
Selection signals#
Selection signals overlapping this genome region are shown in the figure below.
Cohorts affected#
Overlapping selection signals are found in the following cohorts.
| Cohort | Country | Region | District | Taxon | Year | Quarter | Sample Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2011 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2011 | 18 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2011 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2011 | 18 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2012 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2012 | 63 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2015 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2015 | 33 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2016 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2016 | 53 | |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / coluzzii / 2012 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | coluzzii | 2012 | 3 | 78 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / coluzzii / 2014 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | coluzzii | 2014 | 3 | 32 |
| Benin / Djougou / coluzzii / 2017 / Q2 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | coluzzii | 2017 | 2 | 78 |
| Benin / Djougou / gambiae / 2017 / Q2 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | gambiae | 2017 | 2 | 30 |
| Benin / Djougou / gambiae / 2017 / Q3 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | gambiae | 2017 | 3 | 34 |
| Benin / Avrankou / coluzzii / 2017 / Q3 | Benin | Oueme | Avrankou | coluzzii | 2017 | 3 | 88 |
| Central African Republic / Bangui / gambiae / 1994 / Q1 | Central African Republic | Bangui | Bangui | gambiae | 1994 | 1 | 53 |
| Cote d'Ivoire / Agneby-Tiassa / coluzzii / 2012 | Cote d'Ivoire | Lagunes | Agneby-Tiassa | coluzzii | 2012 | 80 | |
| Cameroon / Mayo-Kani / gambiae / 2005 | Cameroon | Far North | Mayo-Kani | gambiae | 2005 | 18 | |
| Cameroon / Lom-Et-Djerem / gambiae / 2009 / Q3 | Cameroon | East | Lom-Et-Djerem | gambiae | 2009 | 3 | 163 |
| Ghana / New Juaben South Municipal / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Ghana | Eastern Region | New Juaben South Municipal | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 23 |
| Guinea / Kissidougou / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Guinea | Faranah | Kissidougou | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 51 |
| Mali / Kangaba / gambiae / 2004 / Q3 | Mali | Koulikouro | Kangaba | gambiae | 2004 | 3 | 23 |
| Mali / Kati / coluzzii / 2014 / Q3 | Mali | Koulikouro | Kati | coluzzii | 2014 | 3 | 27 |
| Mali / Yanfolila / coluzzii / 2012 / Q4 | Mali | Sikasso | Yanfolila | coluzzii | 2012 | 4 | 23 |
| Mali / Bla / coluzzii / 2004 / Q3 | Mali | Segou | Bla | coluzzii | 2004 | 3 | 19 |
Insecticide resistance genes#
The following genes are found within this genome region and may be driving recent positive selection based on evidence for an association with insecticide resistance. Please note that other genes are also within the affected genome region and may be driving selection.
AGAP006028 (Rdl)#
This gene encodes a subunit of a GABA-gated chloride channel which is the binding target of cyclodiene insecticides including dieldrin and lindane. Mutations in this gene are associated with dieldrin resistance in multiple insect species, including A296G and A296S (codon 302 in Drosophila melanogaster). Resistance alleles persist in Anopheles populations in sub-Saharan Africa despite a ban on dieldrin use in the 1980s. See also:
Thomson et al. (1993) Conservation of cyclodiene insecticide resistance-associated mutations in insects
Ffrench-Constant et al. (2000) Cyclodiene insecticide resistance: from molecular to population genetics
Du et al. (2005) Independent mutations in the Rdl locus confer dieldrin resistance to Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis
Wondji et al. (2011) Identification and distribution of a GABA receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Africa
Grau-Bové et al. (2020) Evolution of the Insecticide Target Rdl in African Anopheles Is Driven by Interspecific and Interkaryotypic Introgression
See also#
Anopheles funestus selection alert SA-AFUN-04.