Alert SA-AGAM-01 (Vgsc)#
This alert reports selection signals on Chromosome 2RL within the region 63,203,099-64,808,132 bp.
Selection signals#
Selection signals overlapping this genome region are shown in the figure below.
Cohorts affected#
Overlapping selection signals are found in the following cohorts.
| Cohort | Country | Region | District | Taxon | Year | Quarter | Sample Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2011 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2011 | 18 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2012 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2012 | 63 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2015 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2015 | 33 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2016 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2016 | 53 | |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / coluzzii / 2012 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | coluzzii | 2012 | 3 | 78 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / coluzzii / 2014 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | coluzzii | 2014 | 3 | 32 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / gambiae / 2012 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | gambiae | 2012 | 3 | 73 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / gambiae / 2014 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | gambiae | 2014 | 3 | 41 |
| Benin / Djougou / coluzzii / 2017 / Q2 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | coluzzii | 2017 | 2 | 78 |
| Benin / Djougou / gambiae / 2017 / Q2 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | gambiae | 2017 | 2 | 30 |
| Benin / Djougou / gambiae / 2017 / Q3 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | gambiae | 2017 | 3 | 34 |
| Benin / Avrankou / coluzzii / 2017 / Q3 | Benin | Oueme | Avrankou | coluzzii | 2017 | 3 | 88 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo / Gbadolite / gambiae / 2015 / Q3 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi | Gbadolite | gambiae | 2015 | 3 | 44 |
| Central African Republic / Bangui / gambiae / 1994 / Q1 | Central African Republic | Bangui | Bangui | gambiae | 1994 | 1 | 53 |
| Cote d'Ivoire / Sud-Comoe / gambiae / 2017 / Q3 | Cote d'Ivoire | Comoe | Sud-Comoe | gambiae | 2017 | 3 | 37 |
| Cote d'Ivoire / Agneby-Tiassa / coluzzii / 2012 | Cote d'Ivoire | Lagunes | Agneby-Tiassa | coluzzii | 2012 | 80 | |
| Cameroon / Haut-Nyong / gambiae / 2009 / Q3 | Cameroon | East | Haut-Nyong | gambiae | 2009 | 3 | 95 |
| Cameroon / Lom-Et-Djerem / gambiae / 2009 / Q3 | Cameroon | East | Lom-Et-Djerem | gambiae | 2009 | 3 | 163 |
| Ghana / Adansi Akrofuom / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Adansi Akrofuom | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 64 |
| Ghana / Adansi South / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Adansi South | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 36 |
| Ghana / Amansie Central / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Amansie Central | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 69 |
| Ghana / Bekwai Municipal / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Bekwai Municipal | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 53 |
| Ghana / Twifo Atti-Morkwa / coluzzii / 2012 / Q3 | Ghana | Central Region | Twifo Atti-Morkwa | coluzzii | 2012 | 3 | 25 |
| Ghana / Upper Denkyira West / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Central Region | Upper Denkyira West | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 118 |
| Guinea / Kissidougou / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Guinea | Faranah | Kissidougou | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 51 |
| Guinea / Macenta / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Guinea | Nzerekore | Macenta | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 51 |
| Mali / Kati / coluzzii / 2014 / Q3 | Mali | Koulikouro | Kati | coluzzii | 2014 | 3 | 27 |
| Mali / Kati / gambiae / 2014 / Q3 | Mali | Koulikouro | Kati | gambiae | 2014 | 3 | 24 |
| Mali / Yanfolila / coluzzii / 2012 / Q4 | Mali | Sikasso | Yanfolila | coluzzii | 2012 | 4 | 23 |
| Mali / Yanfolila / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Mali | Sikasso | Yanfolila | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 53 |
| Uganda / Kalangala / gambiae / 2015 / Q2 | Uganda | Central Region | Kalangala | gambiae | 2015 | 2 | 60 |
| Uganda / Tororo / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Uganda | Eastern Region | Tororo | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 112 |
| Uganda / Kanungu / gambiae / 2012 / Q4 | Uganda | Western Region | Kanungu | gambiae | 2012 | 4 | 95 |
Insecticide resistance genes#
The following genes are found within this genome region and may be driving recent positive selection based on evidence for an association with insecticide resistance. Please note that other genes are also within the affected genome region and may be driving selection.
AGAP004707 (Vgsc, Para)#
This gene encodes a voltage-gated sodium channel which is the binding target of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Variants in this gene are associated with resistance to DDT and/or pyrethroids. See also:
Martinez-Torres et al. (1998) Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s.
Ranson et al. (2000) Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids
Davies et al. (2007a) A comparative study of voltage-gated sodium channels in the Insecta: implications for pyrethroid resistance in Anopheline and other Neopteran species
Davies (2007b) DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channel
Jones et al. (2012) Footprints of positive selection associated with a mutation (N1575Y) in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Anopheles gambiae
Dong et al. (2014) Molecular Biology of Insect Sodium Channels and Pyrethroid Resistance
Wang et al. (2015) A Mutation in the Intracellular Loop III/IV of Mosquito Sodium Channel Synergizes the Effect of Mutations in Helix IIS6 on Pyrethroid Resistance
Clarkson et al. (2021) The genetic architecture of target-site resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii