Alert SA-AGAM-08 (Keap1)#
This alert reports selection signals on Chromosome 2RL within the region 40,301,072-41,316,981 bp.
Selection signals#
Selection signals overlapping this genome region are shown in the figure below.
Cohorts affected#
Overlapping selection signals are found in the following cohorts.
| Cohort | Country | Region | District | Taxon | Year | Quarter | Sample Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2012 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2012 | 63 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2015 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2015 | 33 | |
| Burkina Faso / Comoe / coluzzii / 2016 | Burkina Faso | Cascades | Comoe | coluzzii | 2016 | 53 | |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / coluzzii / 2012 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | coluzzii | 2012 | 3 | 78 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / coluzzii / 2014 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | coluzzii | 2014 | 3 | 32 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / gambiae / 2012 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | gambiae | 2012 | 3 | 73 |
| Burkina Faso / Houet / gambiae / 2014 / Q3 | Burkina Faso | Hauts-Bassins | Houet | gambiae | 2014 | 3 | 41 |
| Benin / Djougou / coluzzii / 2017 / Q2 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | coluzzii | 2017 | 2 | 78 |
| Benin / Djougou / gambiae / 2017 / Q2 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | gambiae | 2017 | 2 | 30 |
| Benin / Djougou / gambiae / 2017 / Q3 | Benin | Donga | Djougou | gambiae | 2017 | 3 | 34 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo / Gbadolite / gambiae / 2015 / Q3 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Nord-Ubangi | Gbadolite | gambiae | 2015 | 3 | 44 |
| Cote d'Ivoire / Sud-Comoe / gambiae / 2017 / Q3 | Cote d'Ivoire | Comoe | Sud-Comoe | gambiae | 2017 | 3 | 37 |
| Cote d'Ivoire / Agneby-Tiassa / coluzzii / 2012 | Cote d'Ivoire | Lagunes | Agneby-Tiassa | coluzzii | 2012 | 80 | |
| Cameroon / Haut-Nyong / gambiae / 2009 / Q3 | Cameroon | East | Haut-Nyong | gambiae | 2009 | 3 | 95 |
| Cameroon / Lom-Et-Djerem / gambiae / 2009 / Q3 | Cameroon | East | Lom-Et-Djerem | gambiae | 2009 | 3 | 163 |
| Ghana / Ablekuma Central Municipal / coluzzii / 2018 / Q1 | Ghana | Greater Accra Region | Ablekuma Central Municipal | coluzzii | 2018 | 1 | 266 |
| Ghana / La-Nkwantanang-Madina / gambiae / 2017 / Q4 | Ghana | Greater Accra Region | La-Nkwantanang-Madina | gambiae | 2017 | 4 | 200 |
| Ghana / Adansi Akrofuom / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Adansi Akrofuom | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 64 |
| Ghana / Adansi South / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Adansi South | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 36 |
| Ghana / Adansi South / gambiae / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Adansi South | gambiae | 2018 | 4 | 29 |
| Ghana / Amansie Central / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Amansie Central | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 69 |
| Ghana / Bekwai Municipal / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Ashanti Region | Bekwai Municipal | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 53 |
| Ghana / Twifo Atti-Morkwa / coluzzii / 2012 / Q3 | Ghana | Central Region | Twifo Atti-Morkwa | coluzzii | 2012 | 3 | 25 |
| Ghana / Upper Denkyira East Municipal / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Central Region | Upper Denkyira East Municipal | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 23 |
| Ghana / Upper Denkyira West / coluzzii / 2018 / Q4 | Ghana | Central Region | Upper Denkyira West | coluzzii | 2018 | 4 | 118 |
| Ghana / Effia Kwesimintsim Municipal / coluzzii / 2012 / Q3 | Ghana | Western Region | Effia Kwesimintsim Municipal | coluzzii | 2012 | 3 | 24 |
| Mali / Kati / coluzzii / 2014 / Q3 | Mali | Koulikouro | Kati | coluzzii | 2014 | 3 | 27 |
| Mali / Kati / gambiae / 2014 / Q3 | Mali | Koulikouro | Kati | gambiae | 2014 | 3 | 24 |
| Mali / Yanfolila / coluzzii / 2012 / Q4 | Mali | Sikasso | Yanfolila | coluzzii | 2012 | 4 | 23 |
| Malawi / Chikwawa / arabiensis / 2015 / Q2 | Malawi | Southern Region | Chikwawa | arabiensis | 2015 | 2 | 41 |
Insecticide resistance genes#
The following genes are found within this genome region and may be driving recent positive selection based on evidence for an association with insecticide resistance. Please note that other genes are also within the affected genome region and may be driving selection.
AGAP003645 (Keap1)#
This gene encodes a protein within the Maf-S/cnc/Keap1 pathway which regulates the expression metabolic insecticide resistance genes in response to oxidative stress. Under oxidative stress conditions, cnc is released by Keap1, which translocates into the nucleus and binds to the transcription factor Maf-S. The cnc/Maf-S complex then binds to antioxidant response elements in the genome, initiating transcription. Maf-S expression correlates with expression of multiple insecticide resistance candidates in Anopheles gambiae. Constitutive activation of this pathway causes resistance to multiple insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster. See also:
Misra et al. (2013) Constitutive activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in insecticide-resistant strains of Drosophila
Ingham et al. (2017) The transcription factor Maf-S regulates metabolic resistance to insecticides in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae